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隱秘的角落:腫瘤免疫治療光環(huán)下的副作用
原創(chuàng) 黃濤 CellPress細(xì)胞科學(xué) 來自專輯Cell Press青促會述評

Life science
作為世界領(lǐng)先的全科學(xué)領(lǐng)域?qū)W術(shù)出版社,細(xì)胞出版社特與“中國科學(xué)院青年創(chuàng)新促進(jìn)會”合作開設(shè)“青促會述評”專欄,以期增進(jìn)學(xué)術(shù)互動,促進(jìn)國際交流。
第十四期專欄文章,由中國科學(xué)院上海營養(yǎng)與健康研究所副研究員、中國科學(xué)院青促會會員 黃濤,就Cell 中的論文發(fā)表述評。

近些年,腫瘤免疫治療的發(fā)展如火如荼,被人們寄予厚望。尤其是在美國科學(xué)家詹姆斯艾利森和日本科學(xué)家本庶佑獲得2018年諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎之后,多個免疫治療藥物獲批更是引發(fā)了巨大的轟動。然而,評價一種療法除了看療效,還要看副作用。以藥物開發(fā)經(jīng)常使用的指標(biāo)IC50(半抑制濃度)為例,人們更希望以很小的劑量就達(dá)到治療的效果,往往大的劑量意味著更多的副作用。那么,免疫治療是否真像看上去那么完美?它們的副作用究竟怎樣?
2011年,第一款細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞抗原-4(CTLA-4)抑制劑伊匹單抗(Ipilimumab)被美國FDA批準(zhǔn)用于治療晚期黑色素瘤,臨床應(yīng)用發(fā)現(xiàn)該治療方法存在腸炎反應(yīng)、引發(fā)自體免疫性疾病,皮疹、頭痛、惡心、體重下降等副作用。同樣,程序性死亡受體1(PD-1)免疫藥物的副作用也非常多,包括疼痛、發(fā)燒、疲乏、咳嗽、惡心、瘙癢、皮疹、食欲減退、便秘、腹瀉、心肌炎等。解析這些免疫療法副作用產(chǎn)生的機(jī)制對完善治療方法,減少病人痛苦和提高治療效果都具有重要意義。
近期Cell雜志上發(fā)表了哈佛大學(xué)Kai W. Wucherpfennig和Michael Dougan研究組的工作Molecular Pathways of Colon Inflammation Induced by Cancer Immunotherapy[1]。這篇文章通過比較正常人和使用CTLA-4和PD-1抑制劑免疫治療的黑色素瘤病人的單細(xì)胞測序數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)了腫瘤免疫療法引發(fā)腸炎反應(yīng)副作用的可能機(jī)制(圖1)。

該研究聚焦在腸炎反應(yīng),包括了8個產(chǎn)生腸炎反應(yīng)的黑色素瘤病人,8個正常人,6個無腸道炎性反應(yīng)黑色素瘤病人。作者通過單細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序得到了51,652個細(xì)胞的表達(dá)譜,其中包括了T 細(xì)胞,B 細(xì)胞,髓系細(xì)胞(myeloid cells),肥大細(xì)胞(mast cells),先天淋巴細(xì)胞 (innate lympoid cells, ILCs)等。作者發(fā)現(xiàn)有和無腸道炎性反應(yīng)病人最大的差異在T細(xì)胞群體的差異。在有腸炎反應(yīng)的病人中存在毒性T細(xì)胞(cytotoxic T cells)和增殖T細(xì)胞(cycling T cells)的富集。同時該研究還糾正了一些之前的看法,例如Simpson等人認(rèn)為CTLA-4免疫治療能夠?qū)е潞谏亓鯰reg細(xì)胞的耗竭(Treg cell depletion)[2],但是在該研究中,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)Treg細(xì)胞比例的降低。這也展示了單細(xì)胞技術(shù)可以從更微觀的層面揭示以前觀察不到的現(xiàn)象。此外,T細(xì)胞受體(TCR)序列分析表明,相當(dāng)一部分腸炎相關(guān)毒性T細(xì)胞和增殖T細(xì)胞來源于組織常駐記憶T細(xì)胞(tissue-resident memory T cells,Trm),這解釋了為什么治療開始后腸炎癥狀往往迅速出現(xiàn)。最后,作者找出了多個關(guān)鍵基因,例如在腸炎反應(yīng)病人骨髓細(xì)胞里高表達(dá)的趨化因子CXCL9和CXCL10,T細(xì)胞里高表達(dá)的CXCR6,骨髓細(xì)胞和肥大細(xì)胞里高表達(dá)的CXCL16等,提示IFN信號通路在引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)方面發(fā)揮重要作用。
由于免疫治療藥物的誕生時間相對較短,有很多潛在的副作用還不清楚。除了該研究的CTLA-4和PD-1抑制劑之外,一些其他的免疫治療藥物的副作用也應(yīng)給予關(guān)注。另外,針對MSI-H(高微衛(wèi)星不穩(wěn)定性)和TMB-H(高腫瘤突變負(fù)荷)這樣的泛癌種免疫治療,是否不同的癌癥會產(chǎn)生不同的副作用也值得研究。
本文參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] A.M. Luoma, S. Suo, H.L. Williams, T. Sharova, K. Sullivan, M. Manos, P. Bowling, F.S. Hodi, O. Rahma, R.J. Sullivan, G.M. Boland, J.A. Nowak, S.K. Dougan, M. Dougan, G.C. Yuan, K.W. Wucherpfennig, Molecular Pathways of Colon Inflammation Induced by Cancer Immunotherapy, Cell, (2020).
[2] T.R. Simpson, F. Li, W. Montalvo-Ortiz, M.A. Sepulveda, K. Bergerhoff, F. Arce, C. Roddie, J.Y. Henry, H. Yagita, J.D. Wolchok, K.S. Peggs, J.V. Ravetch, J.P. Allison, S.A. Quezada, Fc-dependent depletion of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells co-defines the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 therapy against melanoma, The Journal of experimental medicine, 210 (2013) 1695-1710.
論文摘要
用PD-1和CTLA-4抑制受體的特異性抗體阻斷免疫檢查點(diǎn),可以在多種人類癌癥中誘發(fā)持久的反應(yīng)。但是,我們對于引發(fā)嚴(yán)重炎癥副作用的免疫學(xué)機(jī)制仍然知之甚少。在本文,我們報告了針對免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制常見副作用腸炎的免疫細(xì)胞群,進(jìn)行的全面單細(xì)胞分析。我們觀察到具有高度細(xì)胞毒性和增殖狀態(tài)的CD8 T細(xì)胞的驚人堆積,而沒有調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞耗竭的證據(jù)。T細(xì)胞受體(TCR)序列分析表明,相當(dāng)一部分腸炎相關(guān)CD8 T細(xì)胞來源于組織常駐細(xì)胞,這解釋了為什么治療開始后腸炎癥狀往往迅速出現(xiàn)。我們的分析還發(fā)現(xiàn)了可以作為腸炎和其它免疫檢查點(diǎn)阻斷導(dǎo)致的炎癥副作用治療靶點(diǎn)的細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子和表面受體。
Checkpoint blockade with antibodies specific for the PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitory receptors can induce durable responses in a wide range of human cancers. However, the immunological mechanisms responsible for severe inflammatory side effects remain poorly understood. Here we report a comprehensive single-cell analysis of immune cell populations in colitis, a common and severe side effect of checkpoint blockade. We observed a striking accumulation of CD8 T cells with highly cytotoxic and proliferative states and no evidence of regulatory T cell depletion. T cell receptor (TCR) sequence analysis demonstrated that a substantial fraction of colitis-associated CD8 T cells originated from tissue-resident populations, explaining the frequently early onset of colitis symptoms following treatment initiation. Our analysis also identified cytokines, chemokines, and surface receptors that could serve as therapeutic targets for colitis and potentially other inflammatory side effects of checkpoint blockade.
中文內(nèi)容僅供參考,請以英文原文為準(zhǔn)
述評人簡介

中國科學(xué)院青促會會員
中國科學(xué)院上海營養(yǎng)與健康研究所副研究員
黃濤,副研究員,中國科學(xué)院上海生命科學(xué)研究院營養(yǎng)與健康研究所,曾在美國紐約西奈山伊坎醫(yī)學(xué)院遺傳與基因組科學(xué)系從事博士后研究。研究興趣包括計算生物學(xué),網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí),累計引用超過7500次,是大數(shù)據(jù)研究高被引作者。擔(dān)任過超過25份雜志的編委或客座編輯,擔(dān)任超過100份雜志的審稿人,主編了Methods in Molecular Biology叢書Computational Systems Biology - Methods and Protocols和Precision Medicine - Methods and Protocols分冊。
Tao Huang is an Associate Professor at Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He completed his post-doctoral research at Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, USA. His research interests include computational biology, network analysis and machine learning. His works have been cited for over 7500 times and is big data research top cited articles award winner. He has been editors or guest editors for over 25 journals and reviewers for over 100 journals. He has edited two books for Methods Molecular Biology: Computational Systems Biology - Methods and Protocols and Precision Medicine - Methods and Protocols.
相關(guān)論文信息
原文刊載于CellPress細(xì)胞出版社旗下期刊Cell上,


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